Khedivate of Egypt

Khedivate of Egypt
الْخُدَيْوِيَّةُ الْمِصْرِيَّةُ (Arabic)
Al-khudaywiyyah al-misriyyah
خدیویت مصر (Ottoman Turkish)
Hıdiviyet-i Mısır
1867–1914
Anthem: (1871–1914)
Salam Affandina
Egypt and its expansion in the 19th century.
Egypt and its expansion in the 19th century.
StatusAutonomous vassal of the Ottoman Empire, de facto independent and sovereign state (1867–1914)
CapitalCairo
Common languagesArabic, Ottoman Turkish, Albanian, Greek,[1] French, English[a]
Religion
Sunni Islam, Coptic Christianity
GovernmentConstitutional monarchy
Khedive 
• 1867–1879
Isma'il Pasha
• 1879–1892
Tewfik Pasha
• 1892–1914
Abbas II
British Consul-General 
• 1883–1907
Evelyn Baring
• 1907–1911
Eldon Gorst
• 1911–1914
Herbert Kitchener
Prime Minister 
• 1878–1879 (first)
Nubar Pasha
• 1914 (last)
Hussein Roshdy Pasha
Historical eraScramble for Africa
• Established
8 June 1867
• Suez Canal opened
17 November 1869
1881–1882
• British invasion in the Anglo-Egyptian War
July – September 1882
18 January 1899
• Disestablished
19 December 1914
Area
• Total
5,000,000 km2 (1,900,000 sq mi)
Population
• 1882[b]
6,805,000
• 1897[b]
9,715,000
• 1907[b]
11,287,000
CurrencyEgyptian pound
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Egypt Eyalet
Sultanate of Darfur
Ottoman Empire
Sultanate of Egypt
Mahdist Sudan
^ a. English became the sole official language in 1898.[2] ^ b. Area and density include inhabited areas only. The total area of Egypt, including deserts, is 994,000 km2, however, the size of the Khedivate of Egypt consisted so many other territories, and was approximately 5,000,000 km2.[3][4]

The Khedivate of Egypt (Arabic: الْخُدَيْوِيَّةُ الْمِصْرِيَّةُ or خُدَيْوِيَّةُ مِصْرَ, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [xedeˈwejjet mɑsˤɾ]; Ottoman Turkish: خدیویت مصر Hıdiviyet-i Mısır) was an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, established and ruled by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty following the defeat and expulsion of Napoleon Bonaparte's forces which brought an end to the short-lived French occupation of Lower Egypt. The Khedivate of Egypt had also expanded to control present-day Sudan, South Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, northwestern Somalia, northeastern Ethiopia, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, Syria, Greece, Cyprus, southern and central Turkey, in addition to parts from Libya, Chad, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Uganda, as well as northwestern Saudi Arabia, parts of Yemen and the Kingdom of Hejaz.[5][6]

The United Kingdom invaded and took control in 1882. In 1914, the Ottoman Empire connection was ended and Britain established a protectorate called the Sultanate of Egypt.

  1. ^ Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu (2012). "Turks in the Egyptian Administration and the Turkish Language as a Language of Administration". In Humphrey Davies (ed.). The Turks in Egypt and their Cultural Legacy. Oxford Academic. pp. 81–98. doi:10.5743/cairo/9789774163975.003.0005. ISBN 9789774163975.
  2. ^ Holes, Clive (2004). Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties. Georgetown Classics in Arabic Language and Linguistics (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-1-58901-022-2. OCLC 54677538. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
  3. ^ Bonné, Alfred (2003) [First published 1945]. The Economic Development of the Middle East: An Outline of Planned Reconstruction after the War. The International Library of Sociology. London: Routledge. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-415-17525-8. OCLC 39915162. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
  4. ^ Tanada, Hirofumi (March 1998). "Demographic Change in Rural Egypt, 1882–1917: Population of Mudiriya, Markaz and Madina". Discussion Paper. No. D97–22. Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University. hdl:10086/14678.
  5. ^ "حدود مصر في عهد الخديوي إسماعيل – خرائط". elnabaa. 21 December 2016.
  6. ^ "خرائط نادرة لحدود مصر الخديوية". toraseyat. 15 May 2017.

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